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Electrical Review

  • 1 Brush, Charles Francis

    [br]
    b. 17 March 1849 Euclid, Michigan, USA
    d. 15 June 1929 Cleveland, Ohio, USA
    [br]
    American engineer, inventor of a multiple electric arc lighting system and founder of the Brush Electric Company.
    [br]
    Brush graduated from the University of Michigan in 1869 and worked for several years as a chemist. Believing that electric arc lighting would be commercially successful if the equipment could be improved, he completed his first dynamo in 1875 and a simplified arc lamp. His original system operated a maximum of four lights, each on a separate circuit, from one dynamo. Brush envisaged a wider market for his product and by 1879 had available on arc lighting system principally intended for street and other outdoor illumination. He designed a dynamo that generated a high voltage and which, with a carbon-pile regulator, provided an almost constant current permitting the use of up to forty lamps on one circuit. He also improved arc lamps by incorporating a slipping-clutch regulating mechanism and automatic means of bringing into use a second set of carbons, thereby doubling the period between replacements.
    Brush's multiple electric arc lighting system was first demonstrated in Cleveland and by 1880 had been adopted in a number of American cities, including New York, Boston and Philadelphia. It was also employed in many European towns until incandescent lamps, for which the Brush dynamo was unsuitable, came into use. To market his apparatus, Brush promoted local lighting companies and thereby secured local capital.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1881. American Academy of Arts and Sciences Rumford Medal 1899. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1913.
    Bibliography
    18 May 1878, British patent no. 2,003 (Brush dynamo).
    11 March 1879, British patent no. 947 (arc lamp).
    26 February 1880, British patent no. 849 (current regulator).
    Further Reading
    J.W.Urquhart, 1891, Electric Light, London (for a detailed description of the Brush system).
    H.C.Passer, 1953, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875–1900, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 14– 21 (for the origins of the Brush Company).
    S.Steward, 1980, in Electrical Review, 206:34–5 (a short account).
    See also: Hammond, Robert
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Brush, Charles Francis

  • 2 Hammond, Robert

    [br]
    b. 19 January 1850 Waltham Cross, England
    d. 5 August 1915 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer who established many of the earliest public electricity-supply systems in Britain.
    [br]
    After an education at Nunhead Grammar School, Hammond founded engineering businesses in Middlesbrough and London. Obtaining the first concession from the Anglo- American Brush Company for the exploitation of their system in Britain, he was instrumental in popularizing the Brush arc-lighting generator. Schemes using this system, which he established at Chesterfield, Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings in 1881–2, were the earliest public electricity-supply ventures in Britain. On the invention of the incandescent lamp, high-voltage Brush dynamos were employed to operate both arc and incandescent lamps. The limitations of this arrangement led Hammond to become the sole agent for the Ferranti alternator, introduced in 1882. Commencing practice as a consulting engineer, Hammond was responsible for the construction of many electricity works in the United Kingdom, of which the most notable were those at Leeds, Hackney (London) and Dublin, in addition to many abroad. Appreciating the need for trained engineers for the new electrical industry and profession then being created, in 1882 he established the Hammond Electrical Engineering College. Later, in association with Francis Ince, he founded Faraday House, a training school that pioneered the concept of "sandwich courses" for engineers. Between 1883 and 1903 he paid several visits to the United States to study developments in electric traction and was one of the advisers to the Postmaster General on the acquisition of the telephone companies.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1884, Electric Light in Our Homes, London (one of the first detailed accounts of electric lighting).
    1897, "Twenty five years" developments in central stations', Electrical Review 41:683–7 (surveys nineteenth-century public electricity supply).
    Further Reading
    F.W.Lipscomb, 1973, The Wise Men of the Wires, London (the story of Faraday House). B.Bowers, 1985, biography, in Dictionary of Business Biography, Vol. III, ed. J.Jeremy, London, pp. 21–2 (provides an account of Hammond's business ventures). J.D.Poulter, 1986, An Early History of 'Electricity Supply, London.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Hammond, Robert

  • 3 формальный анализ проекта

    Electrical engineering: formal design review (ГОСТ Р МЭК 61160-2006 "Формальный анализ проекта", IEC 61160:1992 «Formal design review»)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > формальный анализ проекта

  • 4 artefacto

    m.
    1 device.
    artefacto explosivo explosive device
    2 appliance, mechanism, gimmick, artifact.
    * * *
    1 device, appliance (explosivo) explosive device
    2 (en arqueología) artefact
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Téc) device, appliance

    artefacto explosivo — bomb, explosive device

    artefacto infernal — bomb, explosive device

    artefactos de alumbrado — light fittings, light fixtures

    artefactos del baño — Arg, Uru bathroom fixtures

    2) (Arqueología) artefact, artifact (EEUU)
    3) (Aut) * old crock, jalopy *, old banger *
    * * *
    masculino ( instrumento) artefact; ( dispositivo) device
    * * *
    = artefact [artifact], artifact [artefact], whatchamacallit, gizmo [gismo], contraption.
    Ex. An artefact is any object made or modified by man.
    Ex. There is also a review by Ken Bierman of the future of the catalog insofar as it is a physical artifact.
    Ex. In his book's section ' Watchamacallit' he forecasts that communication between user and machine will be through voice for entering text and a pen-like device for pointing.
    Ex. Within, you will find a pleathora of gadgets and gizmos, ranging from the ridiculous to the sublime.
    Ex. If you are in cahoots with the circle of power, you get your projects approved in no time, and in some cases, you can build the most hideous and unsightly contraption.
    ----
    * artefacto explosivo = explosive device.
    * fabricar un artefacto = manufacture + artifact.
    * * *
    masculino ( instrumento) artefact; ( dispositivo) device
    * * *
    = artefact [artifact], artifact [artefact], whatchamacallit, gizmo [gismo], contraption.

    Ex: An artefact is any object made or modified by man.

    Ex: There is also a review by Ken Bierman of the future of the catalog insofar as it is a physical artifact.
    Ex: In his book's section ' Watchamacallit' he forecasts that communication between user and machine will be through voice for entering text and a pen-like device for pointing.
    Ex: Within, you will find a pleathora of gadgets and gizmos, ranging from the ridiculous to the sublime.
    Ex: If you are in cahoots with the circle of power, you get your projects approved in no time, and in some cases, you can build the most hideous and unsightly contraption.
    * artefacto explosivo = explosive device.
    * fabricar un artefacto = manufacture + artifact.

    * * *
    (instrumento) artefact; (dispositivo) device
    un artefacto incendiario an incendiary device
    Compuestos:
    mpl (CS) bathroom fixtures (pl), sanitary ware ( frml)
    voy a cambiar los artefactos del baño I'm going to get a new bathroom suite
    mpl ( RPl) light fittings o fixtures (pl)
    mpl (CS) small electrical appliances (pl)
    * * *

    artefacto sustantivo masculino ( instrumento) artifact;
    ( dispositivo) device;

    un raro artefacto a contraption
    artefacto m (dispositivo) device

    ' artefacto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cierre
    - desmontar
    - desmontable
    - explotar
    English:
    artifact
    - artefact
    - device
    * * *
    1. [aparato] device;
    [máquina] machine;
    artefacto explosivo/incendiario explosive/incendiary device
    CSur artefactos de baño bathroom fixtures; RP artefacto eléctrico electrical household appliance; RP artefactos de iluminación light fittings and fixtures; CSur artefactos sanitarios bathroom fixtures
    2. [armatoste] contraption
    * * *
    m ( dispositivo) device
    * * *
    1) : artifact
    2) dispositivo: device
    * * *
    artefacto n device

    Spanish-English dictionary > artefacto

  • 5 Appleton, Sir Edward Victor

    [br]
    b. 6 September 1892 Bradford, England
    d. 21 April 1965 Edinburgh, Scotland
    [br]
    English physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the ionospheric layer, named after him, which is an efficient reflector of short radio waves, thereby making possible long-distance radio communication.
    [br]
    After early ambitions to become a professional cricketer, Appleton went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied under J.J.Thompson and Ernest Rutherford. His academic career interrupted by the First World War, he served as a captain in the Royal Engineers, carrying out investigations into the propagation and fading of radio signals. After the war he joined the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, as a demonstrator in 1920, and in 1924 he moved to King's College, London, as Wheatstone Professor of Physics.
    In the following decade he contributed to developments in valve oscillators (in particular, the "squegging" oscillator, which formed the basis of the first hard-valve time-base) and gained international recognition for research into electromagnetic-wave propagation. His most important contribution was to confirm the existence of a conducting ionospheric layer in the upper atmosphere capable of reflecting radio waves, which had been predicted almost simultaneously by Heaviside and Kennelly in 1902. This he did by persuading the BBC in 1924 to vary the frequency of their Bournemouth transmitter, and he then measured the signal received at Cambridge. By comparing the direct and reflected rays and the daily variation he was able to deduce that the Kennelly- Heaviside (the so-called E-layer) was at a height of about 60 miles (97 km) above the earth and that there was a further layer (the Appleton or F-layer) at about 150 miles (240 km), the latter being an efficient reflector of the shorter radio waves that penetrated the lower layers. During the period 1927–32 and aided by Hartree, he established a magneto-ionic theory to explain the existence of the ionosphere. He was instrumental in obtaining agreement for international co-operation for ionospheric and other measurements in the form of the Second Polar Year (1932–3) and, much later, the International Geophysical Year (1957–8). For all this work, which made it possible to forecast the optimum frequencies for long-distance short-wave communication as a function of the location of transmitter and receiver and of the time of day and year, in 1947 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.
    He returned to Cambridge as Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy in 1939, and with M.F. Barnett he investigated the possible use of radio waves for radio-location of aircraft. In 1939 he became Secretary of the Government Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, a post he held for ten years. During the Second World War he contributed to the development of both radar and the atomic bomb, and subsequently served on government committees concerned with the use of atomic energy (which led to the establishment of Harwell) and with scientific staff.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted (KCB 1941, GBE 1946). Nobel Prize for Physics 1947. FRS 1927. Vice- President, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1932. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1933. Institute of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1946. Vice-Chancellor, Edinburgh University 1947. Institution of Civil Engineers Ewing Medal 1949. Royal Medallist 1950. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1962. President, British Association 1953. President, Radio Industry Council 1955–7. Légion d'honneur. LLD University of St Andrews 1947.
    Bibliography
    1925, joint paper with Barnett, Nature 115:333 (reports Appleton's studies of the ionosphere).
    1928, "Some notes of wireless methods of investigating the electrical structure of the upper atmosphere", Proceedings of the Physical Society 41(Part III):43. 1932, Thermionic Vacuum Tubes and Their Applications (his work on valves).
    1947, "The investigation and forecasting of ionospheric conditions", Journal of the
    Institution of Electrical Engineers 94, Part IIIA: 186 (a review of British work on the exploration of the ionosphere).
    with J.F.Herd \& R.A.Watson-Watt, British patent no. 235,254 (squegging oscillator).
    Further Reading
    Who Was Who, 1961–70 1972, VI, London: A. \& C.Black (for fuller details of honours). R.Clark, 1971, Sir Edward Appleton, Pergamon (biography).
    J.Jewkes, D.Sawers \& R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Appleton, Sir Edward Victor

  • 6 Bain, Alexander

    [br]
    b. October 1810 Watten, Scotland
    d. 2 January 1877 Kirkintilloch, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor and entrepreneur who laid the foundations of electrical horology and designed an electromagnetic means of transmitting images (facsimile).
    [br]
    Alexander Bain was born into a crofting family in a remote part of Scotland. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wick and during that time he was strongly influenced by a lecture on "Heat, sound and electricity" that he heard in nearby Thurso. This lecture induced him to take up a position in Clerkenwell in London, working as a journeyman clockmaker, where he was able to further his knowledge of electricity by attending lectures at the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution. His thoughts naturally turned to the application of electricity to clockmaking, and despite a bitter dispute with Charles Wheatstone over priority he was granted the first British patent for an electric clock. This patent, taken out on 11 January 1841, described a mechanism for an electric clock, in which an oscillating component of the clock operated a mechanical switch that initiated an electromagnetic pulse to maintain the regular, periodic motion. This principle was used in his master clock, produced in 1845. On 12 December of the same year, he patented a means of using electricity to control the operation of steam railway engines via a steam-valve. His earliest patent was particularly far-sighted and anticipated most of the developments in electrical horology that occurred during the nineteenth century. He proposed the use of electricity not only to drive clocks but also to distribute time over a distance by correcting the hands of mechanical clocks, synchronizing pendulums and using slave dials (here he was anticipated by Steinheil). However, he was less successful in putting these ideas into practice, and his electric clocks proved to be unreliable. Early electric clocks had two weaknesses: the battery; and the switching mechanism that fed the current to the electromagnets. Bain's earth battery, patented in 1843, overcame the first defect by providing a reasonably constant current to drive his clocks, but unlike Hipp he failed to produce a reliable switch.
    The application of Bain's numerous patents for electric telegraphy was more successful, and he derived most of his income from these. They included a patent of 12 December 1843 for a form of fax machine, a chemical telegraph that could be used for the transmission of text and of images (facsimile). At the receiver, signals were passed through a moving band of paper impregnated with a solution of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. For text, Morse code signals were used, and because the system could respond to signals faster than those generated by hand, perforated paper tape was used to transmit the messages; in a trial between Paris and Lille, 282 words were transmitted in less than one minute. In 1865 the Abbé Caselli, a French engineer, introduced a commercial fax service between Paris and Lyons, based on Bain's device. Bain also used the idea of perforated tape to operate musical wind instruments automatically. Bain squandered a great deal of money on litigation, initially with Wheatstone and then with Morse in the USA. Although his inventions were acknowledged, Bain appears to have received no honours, but when towards the end of his life he fell upon hard times, influential persons in 1873 secured for him a Civil List Pension of £80 per annum and the Royal Society gave him £150.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1841, British patent no. 8,783; 1843, British patent no. 9,745; 1845, British patent no.
    10,838; 1847, British patent no. 11,584; 1852, British patent no. 14,146 (all for electric clocks).
    1852, A Short History of the Electric Clocks with Explanation of Their Principles and
    Mechanism and Instruction for Their Management and Regulation, London; reprinted 1973, introd. W.Hackmann, London: Turner \& Devereux (as the title implies, this pamphlet was probably intended for the purchasers of his clocks).
    Further Reading
    The best account of Bain's life and work is in papers by C.A.Aked in Antiquarian Horology: "Electricity, magnetism and clocks" (1971) 7: 398–415; "Alexander Bain, the father of electrical horology" (1974) 9:51–63; "An early electric turret clock" (1975) 7:428–42. These papers were reprinted together (1976) in A Conspectus of Electrical Timekeeping, Monograph No. 12, Antiquarian Horological Society: Tilehurst.
    J.Finlaison, 1834, An Account of Some Remarkable Applications of the Electric Fluid to the Useful Arts by Alexander Bain, London (a contemporary account between Wheatstone and Bain over the invention of the electric clock).
    J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph, Religious Tract Society.
    J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \&Electronic Engineer 46:55.
    D.J.Weaver, 1982, Electrical Clocks and Watches, Newnes.
    T.Hunkin, 1993, "Just give me the fax", New Scientist (13 February):33–7 (provides details of Bain's and later fax devices).
    DV / KF

    Biographical history of technology > Bain, Alexander

  • 7 revisione

    "revision;
    Überholung;
    revisáo"
    * * *
    f di conti audit
    di testo revision
    * * *
    revisione s.f.
    1 revision, review; (amm.) audit, auditing: un'accurata revisione di un articolo, a careful revision of an article; i sindacati chiedono la revisione dell'accordo, the unions are calling for a revision of the agreement; il partito dovrà procedere alla revisione delle proprie posizioni, the party will have to undertake a re-examination of its policies // (amm.): revisione contabile, dei conti, audit (o auditing of accounts); revisione di un bilancio, audit of a balance sheet; revisione delle imposte, review of taxation; revisione dei prezzi, price revision (o adjustment); revisione di un budget, budget revision; programma di revisione contabile, auditing programme; società di revisione contabile, auditing company // (dir.) revisione di un contratto, revision of a contract
    2 (dir.) review: revisione di un processo, rehearing of a case (o review of a trial)
    3 (mecc.) overhaul, overhauling; ( manutenzione ordinaria) service, servicing: revisione generale, general (o complete) overhaul; la revisione dell'impianto elettrico, the overhauling of the electrical system; la revisione di un'auto, the servicing of a car; revisione valvole, valve overhauling; manuale di istruzione per la revisione, overhaul (o service) manual (o handbook).
    * * *
    [revi'zjone]
    sostantivo femminile
    1) (riesame) (di posizione, tariffe, accordo) revision, review(al); (di documento, contratto) revision, amendment
    2) (di macchina, veicolo, motore) overhaul, service
    3) (di testo) edit; (di bozze) proofreading
    •
    * * *
    revisione
    /revi'zjone/
    sostantivo f.
     1 (riesame) (di posizione, tariffe, accordo) revision, review(al); (di documento, contratto) revision, amendment
     2 (di macchina, veicolo, motore) overhaul, service; portare la macchina alla revisione to have one's car serviced
     3 (di testo) edit; (di bozze) proofreading

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > revisione

  • 8 Nyquist, Harry

    [br]
    b. 7 February 1889 Nilsby, Sweden
    d. 4 April 1976 Texas, USA
    [br]
    Swedish-American engineer who established the formula for thermal noise in electrical circuits and the stability criterion for feedback amplifiers.
    [br]
    Nyquist (original family name Nykvist) emigrated from Sweden to the USA when he was 18 years old and settled in Minnesota. After teaching for a time, he studied electrical engineering at the University of North Dakota, gaining his first and Master's degrees in 1915 and 1916, and his PhD from Yale in 1917. He then joined the American Telegraph \& Telephone Company, moving to its Bell Laboratories in 1934 and remaining there until his retirement in 1954. A prolific inventor, he made many contributions to communication engineering, including the invention of vestigial-side band transmission. In the late 1920s he analysed the behaviour of analogue and digital signals in communication circuits, and in 1928 he showed that the thermal noise per unit bandwidth is given by 4 kT, where k is Boltzmann's constant and T the absolute temperature. However, he is best known for the Nyquist Criterion, which defines the conditions necessary for the stable, oscillation-free operation of amplifiers with a closed feedback loop. The problem of how to realize these conditions was investigated by his colleague Hendrik Bode.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Franklin Institute Medal 1960. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1960; Mervin J.Kelly Award 1961.
    Bibliography
    1924, "Certain factors affecting telegraph speed", Bell System Technical Journal 3:324. 1928, "Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory", Transactions of the American
    Institute of Electrical Engineers 47:617.
    1928, "Thermal agitation of electric charge in conductors", Physical Review 32:110. 1932, "Regeneration theory", Bell System Technical Journal 11:126.
    1940, with K.Pfleger, "Effect of the quadrature component in single-sideband transmission", Bell System Technical Journal 19:63.
    Further Reading
    Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1975, Mission Communications.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Nyquist, Harry

  • 9 Preece, Sir William Henry

    [br]
    b. 15 February 1834 Bryn Helen, Gwynedd, Wales
    d. 6 November 1913 Penrhos, Gwynedd, Wales
    [br]
    Welsh electrical engineer who greatly furthered the development and use of wireless telegraphy and the telephone in Britain, dominating British Post Office engineering during the last two decades of the nineteenth century.
    [br]
    After education at King's College, London, in 1852 Preece entered the office of Edwin Clark with the intention of becoming a civil engineer, but graduate studies at the Royal Institution under Faraday fired his enthusiasm for things electrical. His earliest work, as connected with telegraphy and in particular its application for securing the safe working of railways; in 1853 he obtained an appointment with the Electric and National Telegraph Company. In 1856 he became Superintendent of that company's southern district, but four years later he moved to telegraph work with the London and South West Railway. From 1858 to 1862 he was also Engineer to the Channel Islands Telegraph Company. When the various telegraph companies in Britain were transferred to the State in 1870, Preece became a Divisional Engineer in the General Post Office (GPO). Promotion followed in 1877, when he was appointed Chief Electrician to the Post Office. One of the first specimens of Bell's telephone was brought to England by Preece and exhibited at the British Association meeting in 1877. From 1892 to 1899 he served as Engineer-in-Chief to the Post Office. During this time he made a number of important contributions to telegraphy, including the use of water as part of telegraph circuits across the Solent (1882) and the Bristol Channel (1888). He also discovered the existence of inductive effects between parallel wires, and with Fleming showed that a current (thermionic) flowed between the hot filament and a cold conductor in an incandescent lamp.
    Preece was distinguished by his administrative ability, some scientific insight, considerable engineering intuition and immense energy. He held erroneous views about telephone transmission and, not accepting the work of Oliver Heaviside, made many errors when planning trunk circuits. Prior to the successful use of Hertzian waves for wireless communication Preece carried out experiments, often on a large scale, in attempts at wireless communication by inductive methods. These became of historic interest only when the work of Maxwell and Hertz was developed by Guglielmo Marconi. It is to Preece that credit should be given for encouraging Marconi in 1896 and collaborating with him in his early experimental work on radio telegraphy.
    While still employed by the Post Office, Preece contributed to the development of numerous early public electricity schemes, acting as Consultant and often supervising their construction. At Worcester he was responsible for Britain's largest nineteenth-century public hydro-electric station. He received a knighthood on his retirement in 1899, after which he continued his consulting practice in association with his two sons and Major Philip Cardew. Preece contributed some 136 papers and printed lectures to scientific journals, ninety-nine during the period 1877 to 1894.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CB 1894. Knighted (KCB) 1899. FRS 1881. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers, 1880. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1880, 1893. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1898–9. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts 1901–2.
    Bibliography
    Preece produced numerous papers on telegraphy and telephony that were presented as Royal Institution Lectures (see Royal Institution Library of Science, 1974) or as British Association reports.
    1862–3, "Railway telegraphs and the application of electricity to the signaling and working of trains", Proceedings of the ICE 22:167–93.
    Eleven editions of Telegraphy (with J.Sivewright), London, 1870, were published by 1895.
    1883, "Molecular radiation in incandescent lamps", Proceedings of the Physical Society 5: 283.
    1885. "Molecular shadows in incandescent lamps". Proceedings of the Physical Society 7: 178.
    1886. "Electric induction between wires and wires", British Association Report. 1889, with J.Maier, The Telephone.
    1894, "Electric signalling without wires", RSA Journal.
    Further Reading
    J.J.Fahie, 1899, History of Wireless Telegraphy 1838–1899, Edinburgh: Blackwood. E.Hawkes, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.
    E.C.Baker, 1976, Sir William Preece, F.R.S. Victorian Engineer Extraordinary, London (a detailed biography with an appended list of his patents, principal lectures and publications).
    D.G.Tucker, 1981–2, "Sir William Preece (1834–1913)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 53:119–36 (a critical review with a summary of his consultancies).
    GW / KF

    Biographical history of technology > Preece, Sir William Henry

  • 10 Cady, Walter Guyton

    [br]
    b. 10 December 1874 Providence, Rhode Island, USA
    d. 9 December 1974 Providence, Rhode Island, USA
    [br]
    American physicist renowned for his pioneering work on piezo-electricity.
    [br]
    After obtaining BSc and MSc degrees in physics at Brown University in 1896 and 1897, respectively, Cady went to Berlin, obtaining his PhD in 1900. Returning to the USA he initially worked for the US Coast and Geodetic Survey, but in 1902 he took up a post at the Wesleyan University, Connecticut, remaining as Professor of Physics from 1907 until his retirement in 1946. During the First World War he became interested in piezo-electricity as a result of attending a meeting on techniques for detecting submarines, and after the war he continued to work on the use of piezo-electricity as a transducer for generating sonar beams. In the process he discovered that piezo-electric materials, such as quartz, exhibited high-stability electrical resonance, and in 1921 he produced the first working piezo-electric resonator. This idea was subsequently taken up by George Washington Pierce and others, resulting in very stable oscillators and narrow-band filters that are widely used in the 1990s in radio communications, electronic clocks and watches.
    Internationally known for his work, Cady retired from his professorship in 1946, but he continued to work for the US Navy. From 1951 to 1955 he was a consultant and research associate at the California Institute of Technology, after which he returned to Providence to continue research at Brown, filing his last patent (one of over fifty) at the age of 93 years.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institute of Radio Engineers 1932. London Physical Society Duddell Medal. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Prize 1928.
    Bibliography
    28 January 1920, US patent no. 1,450,246 (piezo-electric resonator).
    1921, "The piezo-electric resonator", Physical Review 17:531. 1946, Piezoelectricity, New York: McGraw Hill (his classic work).
    Further Reading
    B.Jaffe, W.R.Cooke \& H.Jaffe, 1971, Piezoelectric Ceramics.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Cady, Walter Guyton

  • 11 Schawlow, Arthur Leonard

    [br]
    b. 5 May 1921 Mount Vernon, New York, USA
    [br]
    American physicist involved in laser-spectroscopy research.
    [br]
    When Arthur L.Schawlow was 3 years old his family moved to Canada: it was in Toronto that he received his education, graduating from the University of Toronto with a BA in physics in 1941. He was awarded an MA in 1942, taught classes for military personnel at the University until 1944 and worked for a year on radar equipment. He returned to the University of Toronto in 1945 to carry out research on optical spectroscopy and received his PhD in 1949. From 1949 to 1951 he held a postgraduate fellowship at Columbia University, where he worked with Charles H. Townes on microwave spectroscopy. From 1951 to 1961 he was a research physicist at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, working mainly on superconductivity, but he maintained his association with Townes, who had pioneered the maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). In a paper published in Physical Review in December 1958, Townes and Schawlow suggested the possibility of a development into optical frequencies or an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). In 1960 the first such device was made by Theodore H. Maiman. In 1960 Schawlow returned to Columbia University as a visiting professor and in the following year was appointed Professor of Physics at Stanford University, where he continued his researches in laser spectroscopy. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics 1981. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1962. Institute of Physics of London Thomas Young Medal and Prize 1963. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Prize 1964. Optical Society of America Frederick Ives Medal 1976. Honorary degrees from the State University of Ghent, the University of Bradford and the University of Toronto.
    Bibliography
    Schawlow is the author of many scientific papers and, with Charles H.Townes, of
    Microwave Spectroscopy (1955).
    Further Reading
    T.Wasson (ed.), 1987, Nobel Prize Winners, New York, pp. 930–3 (contains a short biography).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Schawlow, Arthur Leonard

  • 12 Taylor, Albert Hoyt

    [br]
    b. 1 January 1874 Chicago, Illinois, USA
    d. 11 December 1961 Claremont, California, USA
    [br]
    American radio engineer whose work on radio-detection helped lay the foundations for radar.
    [br]
    Taylor gained his degree in engineering from Northwest University, Evanston, Illinois, then spent a time at the University of Gottingen. On his return to the USA he taught successively at Michigan State University, at Lansing, and at the universities of Wisconsin at Madison and North Dakota at Grand Forks. From 1923 until 1945 he supervised the Radio Division at the US Naval Research Laboratories. There he carried out studies of short-wave radio propagation and confirmed Heaviside's 1925 theory of the reflection characteristics of the ionosphere. In the 1920s and 1930s he investigated radio echoes, and in 1933, with L.C.Young and L.A.Hyland, he filed a patent for a system of radio-detection that contributed to the subsequent development of radar.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Award 1927. President, Institute of Radio Engineers 1929. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1942.
    Bibliography
    1926, with E.O.Hulbert, "The propagation of radio waves over the earth", Physical Review 27:189.
    1936, "The measurement of RF power", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 24: 1,342.
    Further Reading
    S.S.Swords, 1986, Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar, London: Peter Peregrinus.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Taylor, Albert Hoyt

  • 13 artículo

    m.
    1 article, item, commodity, good.
    2 article.
    3 article, clause.
    4 article, theme paper, paper.
    5 clause.
    * * *
    1 article
    2 (mercancía) article, product
    \
    hacer el artículo familiar to plug something
    in artículo mortis in articulo mortis
    artículo de fe RELIGIÓN article of faith
    artículo de fondo leading article, editorial
    artículo definido/determinado LINGÚÍSTICA definite article
    artículo indefinido/indeterminado LINGÚÍSTICA indefinite article
    artículos de consumo consumer goods
    artículos de limpieza cleaning products
    * * *
    noun m.
    3) item
    •
    - artículos de consumo
    - artículos de primera necesidad
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Com) article, item

    artículos — commodities, goods

    artículos de marca — branded goods; (Com) proprietary goods

    artículos de primera necesidad — basic commodities, essentials

    2) [escrito] article; (TV) feature, report; [en revista erudita] article, paper; [en libro de referencia] entry, article

    artículo de fondo — leader, editorial

    artículo de portada — cover story, front-page article

    3) (Ling) article
    4) [de ley, documento] article, section, item
    * * *
    1) (Com)
    2)
    a) (escrito - en periódico, revista) article; (- en diccionario) entry, article
    b) ( de ley) article
    3) (Ling) article
    •
    * * *
    1) (Com)
    2)
    a) (escrito - en periódico, revista) article; (- en diccionario) entry, article
    b) ( de ley) article
    3) (Ling) article
    •
    * * *
    artículo1
    1 = item, stock item.

    Ex: Since only twenty or so items can be displayed on the screen at a time, the &\#8593; (Up), &\#8595; (Down), Page Up and Page Down keys are used to scroll through the listing.

    Ex: A new building will open in 1990, catering for 5 million stock items and 1,000 readers' seats.
    * artículo coleccionable = collectable item, collectable, collectible, collectible item.
    * artículo de bolsa de aseo = toiletry.
    * artículo de consumo = commodity, consumer commodity.
    * artículo de oferta = teaser, loss-leader.
    * artículo de tocador = toiletry.
    * artículo indefinido = indefinite article.
    * artículo personal = personal item.
    * artículos = goods.
    * artículos básicos = basic goods, basic provisions.
    * artículos de la casa = household goods.
    * artículos de lujo = luxury goods.
    * artículos de mimbre = wickerwork.
    * artículos de oficina = office supplies.
    * artículos de plata = silverware.
    * artículos de vidrio = glassware.
    * artículos diversos = sundries.
    * convertir Algo en un artículo de consumo = commodify.
    * impuesto sobre artículos de uso y consumo = excise tax.
    * información como artículo de consumo, la = information commodity.
    * tienda de artículos deportivos = sporting goods store.
    * tienda de artículos para regalo = gift shop, novelty shop.

    artículo2
    2 = article, contribution, paper.

    Ex: In a journal most formal items including articles, essays, discussions and reviews can be expected to be accompanied by an abstract.

    Ex: This is a contribution to a thematic issue on microcomputers in UK government libraries.
    Ex: In particular, a data base may be concerned to list separately individual periodical articles and single papers in conference proceedings.
    * acceso a los artículos de las publicaciones periódicas = article-level access.
    * artículo a modo de réplica = rebuttal article.
    * artículo científico = scientific article, academic paper, scientific paper, scholarly article.
    * artículo complementario = follow-up article.
    * artículo de enciclopedia = encyclopaedia article.
    * artículo de fondo = feature article.
    * artículo de investigación = research paper, research article, research contribution.
    * artículo de opinión = discussion article, discussion paper, opinion article, feature article, opinion piece, op-ed.
    * artículo de periódico = newspaper story, news article, newspaper article.
    * artículo de publicación periódica = journal article, periodical article.
    * artículo de revisión = review article, review essay.
    * artículo especial = feature article.
    * artículo introductorio = background paper, background article.
    * artículo origen = parent article.
    * artículo principal = lead article.
    * artículo que presenta las cuestiones a favor y en contra relacionadas con u = issue(s) paper.
    * artículo técnico = technical paper.
    * control de los artículos de las publicaciones periódicas = article-level control.
    * convocatoria de presentación de artículos = call for papers.
    * escribir un artículo = write + a paper, write + piece.
    * frase que recoge el tema principal del artículo = topic sentence.
    * producción de artículos = article productivity.
    * solicitar artículos = solicit + papers.

    artículo3
    3 = article.

    Ex: Thus we can easily start to compile a list of prepositions, conjunctions and articles, for example, an, a, the, and, for, this, these, which can be ignored in indexing.

    * artículo definitivo = definite article.

    * * *
    A ( Com):
    artículos fotográficos/del hogar photographic/household goods
    [ S ] artículos para regalo gifts
    grandes rebajas en todos nuestros artículos huge reductions on all our stock o products o on all items
    todo artículo eléctrico paga impuesto duty has to be paid on all electrical goods
    hacerle el artículo a algn: los niños me han estado haciendo el artículo para que alquile un video the children have been trying to talk me into renting a video
    Compuestos:
    essential item, essential
    mpl consumer goods (pl)
    mpl stationery
    mpl toiletries (pl)
    B
    1 (escrito — en periódico, revista) article; (— en diccionario) entry, article
    2 (de una ley) article
    Compuestos:
    article of faith
    se toman mis opiniones como si fueran artículo de ley they take everything I say as gospel
    editorial, leader ( BrE)
    think piece
    C [ Grammar notes (Spanish) ] ( Ling) article
    Compuestos:
    ● artículo determinado or definido
    definite article
    ● artículo indeterminado or indefinido
    indefinite article
    * * *

     

    Del verbo articular: ( conjugate articular)

    articulo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    articuló es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    articular    
    artículo
    articular ( conjugate articular) verbo transitivo (Tec, Ling) to articulate
    artículo sustantivo masculino
    1 (Com):
    ◊ artículos del hogar/de consumo household/consumer goods;

    artículo de primera necesidad essential item, essential;
    artículos de escritorio stationery;
    artículos de tocador toiletries;
    artículos de punto knitwear
    2
    a) (en periódico, revista) article;



    3 (Ling) article
    articular verbo transitivo to articulate
    artículo sustantivo masculino article
    ' artículo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    compendio
    - correo
    - densa
    - denso
    - desvaído
    - determinada
    - determinado
    - fondo
    - hablar
    - incendiaria
    - incendiario
    - infante
    - nuestra
    - nuestro
    - otra
    - otro
    - parche
    - pedido
    - primera
    - primero
    - producto
    - toda
    - todo
    - trabajar
    - viaje
    - a
    - abreviar
    - acortar
    - alguno
    - apartado
    - calidad
    - copiar
    - devolución
    - difamatorio
    - encabezar
    - jugoso
    - laguna
    - publicar
    - rebajar
    - recortar
    - redactar
    - saldo
    - sensacionalista
    - traer
    English:
    abstract
    - another
    - article
    - at
    - bed
    - byline
    - come across
    - commodity
    - consumable
    - contribution
    - deal with
    - editorial
    - export
    - feature
    - import
    - item
    - label
    - leave out
    - mirror
    - paper
    - piece
    - rambling
    - section
    - spread
    - definite
    - entry
    - indefinite
    - reject
    - research
    - second
    - story
    - which
    - write
    * * *
    1. Gram article
    artículo definido definite article;
    artículo determinado definite article;
    artículo indefinido indefinite article;
    artículo indeterminado indefinite article;
    artículo neutro neuter article [in Spanish, refers to the article “lo”]
    2. [periodístico] article
    artículo de fondo editorial
    3. [de diccionario] entry
    4. [en ley, reglamento] article
    Rel artículo de fe article of faith;
    tomar algo como artículo de fe to take sth as gospel
    5. [objeto, mercancía] article, item;
    han rebajado todos los artículos all items have been reduced;
    Fam
    hacer el artículo a alguien to give sb a sales pitch
    artículo básico basic product;
    artículos de fumador smokers' requisites;
    artículos de limpieza [objetos] cleaning accessories;
    [productos] cleaning products;
    artículos de viaje travel accessories
    6. Formal
    in artículo mortis [confesar, casarse] on one's deathbed
    * * *
    m
    1 de periódico, GRAM, JUR article
    2 COM product, item;
    * * *
    1) : article, thing
    2) : item, feature, report
    3)
    4)
    5)
    artículos de tocador : toiletries
    * * *
    artículo n article

    Spanish-English dictionary > artículo

  • 14 технологии для автоматизации

    1. automation technologies

     

    технологии для автоматизации
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    Automation technologies: a strong focal point for our R&D

    Технологии для автоматизации - одна из главных тем наших научно исследовательских разработок

    Automation is an area of ABB’s business with an extremely high level of technological innovation.

    Автоматика относится к одной из областей деятельности компании АББ, для которой характерен исключительно высокий уровень технических инноваций.

    In fact, it may be seen as a showcase for exhibiting the frontiers of development in several of today’s emerging technologies, like short-range wireless communication and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).

    В определенном смысле ее можно уподобить витрине, в которой выставлены передовые разработки из области только еще зарождающихся технологий, примерами которых являются ближняя беспроводная связь и микроэлектромеханические системы (micro electromechanical systems MEMS).

    Mechatronics – the synthesis of mechanics and electronics – is another very exciting and rapidly developing area, and the foundation on which ABB has built its highly successful, fast-growing robotics business.

    Еще одной исключительно интересной быстро развивающейся областью и в то же время фундаментом, на котором АББ в последнее время строит свой исключительно успешный и быстро расширяющийся бизнес в области робототехники, является мехатроника - синтез механики с электроникой.

    Robotic precision has now reached the levels we have come to expect of the watch-making industry, while robots’ mechanical capabilities continue to improve significantly.

    Точность работы робототехнических устройств достигла сегодня уровней, которые мы привыкли ожидать только на предприятиях часовой промышленности. Большими темпами продолжают расти и механические возможности роботов.

    Behind the scenes, highly sophisticated electronics and software control every move these robots make.

    А за кулисами всеми перемещениями робота управляют сложные электронные устройства и компьютерные программы.

    Throughout industry today we see a major shift of ‘intelligence’ to lower levels in the automation system hierarchy, leading to a demand for more communication within the system.

    Во всех отраслях промышленности сегодня наблюдается интенсивный перенос "интеллекта" на нижние уровни иерархии автоматизированных систем, что требует дальнейшего развития внутрисистемных средств обмена.

    ‘Smart’ transmitters, with powerful microprocessors, memory chips and special software, carry out vital operations close to the processes they are monitoring.

    "Интеллектуальные" датчики, снабженные высокопроизводительными микропроцессорами, мощными чипами памяти и специальным программно-математическим обеспечением, выполняют особо ответственные операции в непосредственной близости от контролируемых процессов.

    And they capture and store data crucial for remote diagnostics and maintenance.

    Они же обеспечивают возможность измерения и регистрации информации, крайне необходимой для дистанционной диагностики и дистанционного обслуживания техники.

    The communication highway linking such systems is provided by fieldbuses.

    В качестве коммуникационных магистралей, связывающих такого рода системы, служат промышленные шины fieldbus.

    In an ideal world there would be no more than a few, preferably just one, fieldbus standard.

    В идеале на промышленные шины должно было бы существовать небольшое количество, а лучше всего вообще только один стандарт.

    However, there are still too many of them, so ABB has developed ‘fieldbus plugs’ that, with the help of translation, enable devices to communicate across different standards.

    К сожалению, на деле количество их типов продолжает оставаться слишком разнообразным. Ввиду этой особенности рынка промышленных шин компанией АББ разработаны "штепсельные разъемы", которые с помощью средств преобразования обеспечивают общение различных устройств вопреки границам, возникшим из-за различий в стандартах.

    This makes life easier as well as less costly for our customers. Every automation system is dependent on an electrical network for distributing – and interrupting, when necessary – the power needed to carry out its various functions.

    Это, безусловно, не только облегчает, но и удешевляет жизнь нашим заказчикам. Ни одна система автоматики не может работать без сети, обеспечивающей подачу, а при необходимости и отключение напряжения, необходимого для выполнения автоматикой своих задач.

    Here, too, we see a clear trend toward more intelligence and communication, for example in traditional electromechanical devices such as contactors and switches.

    И здесь наблюдаются отчетливо выраженные тенденции к повышению уровня интеллектуальности и расширению возможностей связи, например, в таких традиционных электромеханических устройствах, как контакторы и выключатели.

    We are pleased to see that our R&D efforts in these areas over the past few years are bearing fruit.

    Мы с удовлетворением отмечаем, что научно-исследовательские разработки, выполненные нами за последние годы в названных областях, начинают приносить свои плоды.

    Recently, we have seen a strong increase in the use of wireless technology in industry.

    В последнее время на промышленных предприятиях наблюдается резкое расширение применения техники беспроводной связи.

    This is a key R&D area at ABB, and several prototype applications have already been developed.

    В компании АББ эта область также относится к числу одной из ключевых тем научно-исследовательских разработок, результатом которых стало создание ряда опытных образцов изделий практического направления.

    At the international Bluetooth Conference in Amsterdam in June 2002, we presented a truly ‘wire-less’ proximity sensor – with even a wireless power supply.

    На международной конференции по системам Bluetooth, состоявшейся в Амстердаме в июне 2002 г., наши специалисты выступили с докладом о поистине "беспроводном" датчике ближней локации, снабженном опять-таки "беспроводным" источником питания.

    This was its second major showing after the launch at the Hanover Fair.

    На столь крупном мероприятии это устройство демонстрировалось во второй раз после своего первого показа на Ганноверской торгово-промышленной ярмарке.

    Advances in microelectronic device technology are also having a profound impact on the power electronics systems around which modern drive systems are built.

    Достижения в области микроэлектроники оказывают также глубокое влияние на системы силовой электроники, лежащие в основе современных приводных устройств.

    The ABB drive family ACS 800 is visible proof of this.

    Наглядным тому доказательством может служить линейка блоков регулирования частоты вращения электродвигателей ACS-800, производство которой начато компанией АББ.

    Combining advanced trench gate IGBT technology with efficient cooling and innovative design, this drive – for motors rated from 1.1 to 500 kW – has a footprint for some power ranges which is six times smaller than competing systems.

    Предназначены они для двигателей мощностью от 1,1 до 500 кВт. В блоках применена новейшая разновидность приборов - биполярные транзисторы с изолированным желобковым затвором (trench gate IGBT) в сочетании с новыми конструктивными решениями, благодаря чему в отдельных диапазонах мощностей габариты блоков удалось снизить по сравнению с конкурирующими изделиями в шесть раз.

    To get the maximum benefit out of this innovative drive solution we have also developed a new permanent magnet motor.

    Стремясь с максимальной пользой использовать новые блоки регулирования, мы параллельно с ними разработали новый двигатель с постоянными магнитами.

    It uses neodymium iron boron, a magnetic material which is more powerful at room temperature than any other known today.

    В нем применен новый магнитный материал на основе неодима, железа и бора, характеристики которого при комнатной температуре на сегодняшний день не имеют себе равных.

    The combination of new drive and new motor reduces losses by as much as 30%, lowering energy costs and improving sustainability – both urgently necessary – at the same time.

    Совместное использование нового блока регулирования частоты вращения с новым двигателем снижает потери мощности до 30 %, что позволяет решить сразу две исключительно актуальные задачи:
    сократить затраты на электроэнергию и повысить уровень безотказности.

    These innovations are utilized most fully, and yield the maximum benefit, when integrated by means of our Industrial IT architecture.

    Потенциал перечисленных выше новых разработок используется в наиболее полной степени, а сами они приносят максимальную выгоду, если их интеграция осуществлена на основе нашей архитектуры IndustrialIT.

    Industrial IT is a unique platform for exploiting the full potential of information technology in industrial applications.

    IndustrialIT представляет собой уникальную платформу, позволяющую в максимальной степени использовать возможности информационных технологий применительно к задачам промышленности.

    Consequently, our new products and technologies are Industrial IT Enabled, meaning that they can be integrated in the Industrial IT architecture in a ‘plug and produce’ manner.

    Именно поэтому все наши новые изделия и технологии выпускаются в варианте, совместимом с архитектурой IndustrialIT, что означает их способность к интеграции с этой архитектурой по принципу "подключи и производи".

    We are excited to present in this issue of ABB Review some of our R&D work and a selection of achievements in such a vital area of our business as Automation.

    Мы рады представить в настоящем номере "АББ ревю" некоторые из наших научно-исследовательских разработок и достижений в такой жизненно важной для нашего бизнеса области, как автоматика.

    R&D investment in our corporate technology programs is the foundation on which our product and system innovation is built.

    Вклад наших разработок в общекорпоративные технологические программы группы АББ служит основой для реализации новых технических решений в создаваемых нами устройствах и системах.

    Examples abound in the areas of control engineering, MEMS, wireless communication, materials – and, last but not least, software technologies. Enjoy reading about them.
    [ABB Review]

    Это подтверждается многочисленными примерами из области техники управления, микроэлектромеханических систем, ближней радиосвязи, материаловедения и не в последнюю очередь программотехники. Хотелось бы пожелать читателю получить удовольствие от чтения этих материалов.
    [Перевод Интент]

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > технологии для автоматизации

  • 15 внутренняя проверка

    1) Engineering: internal test
    4) Ecology: self-audit
    5) Business: internal check
    6) Gold mining: internal audit
    7) Electrical engineering: local test

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > внутренняя проверка

  • 16 сетевой график

    1) General subject: activity network
    2) Computers: net
    3) Naval: network schedule, schedule net, scheduling network
    4) Engineering: network, network traffic
    5) Construction: arrow diagram
    7) Telecommunications: activity net
    9) Oil: gantt chart
    10) Advertising: flowchart
    11) Business: decision tree
    12) Management: diagram network
    13) SAP.tech. network graphic
    14) Electrical engineering: PERT diagram

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > сетевой график

  • 17 Bakewell, Frederick C.

    SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications
    [br]
    fl. 1850s
    [br]
    British inventor of the "copying telegraph", the basis of facsimile transmission.
    [br]
    Although little appears to be known about his life, Bakewell deserves a place in this dictionary for a single invention that was to have a significant impact upon communication. The invention of photography early in the nineteenth century soon led to a desire to transmit images over a distance. Although telegraphy was still very much in its infancy, Bakewell realized that the key to a viable system of facsimile, as it came to be known, was to dissect the image to be transmitted sequentially by scanning it in a series of parallel lines with some sort of sensor and to synchronously reconstruct it at the receiving end—a process that anticipated the way in which modern television works. To this end the line image was drawn with varnish on a sheet of tin foil, which was then wrapped around a cylinder. As the cylinder was rotated, presumably by some kind of regulated clockwork mechanism similar to that used later in the early phonographs of Edison, an electrical contact driven by a screw thread caused the image to be scanned along a spiral path, giving a series of on-off signals. At the receiving end, instead of the tin foil, a sheet of paper wetted with a suitable chemical was darkened by the current pulses as they arrived.
    A practicable system did not become possible until a dry form of receiving-paper that was insensitive to light became available in the 1930s; once established, however, the technique remained the basis of commercial machines into the 1980s.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1853, Electric Science.
    1857, A Manual of Electricity.
    Further Reading
    J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \& Electronic Engineer 46:55.
    See also: Bain, Alexander
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Bakewell, Frederick C.

  • 18 Parsons, Sir Charles Algernon

    [br]
    b. 13 June 1854 London, England
    d. 11 February 1931 on board Duchess of Richmond, Kingston, Jamaica
    [br]
    English eingineer, inventor of the steam turbine and developer of the high-speed electric generator.
    [br]
    The youngest son of the Earl of Rosse, he came from a family well known in scientific circles, the six boys growing up in an intellectual atmosphere at Birr Castle, the ancestral home in Ireland, where a forge and large workshop were available to them. Charles, like his brothers, did not go to school but was educated by private tutors of the character of Sir Robert Ball, this type of education being interspersed with overseas holiday trips to France, Holland, Belgium and Spain in the family yacht. In 1871, at the age of 17, he went to Trinity College, Dublin, and after two years he went on to St John's College, Cambridge. This was before the Engineering School had opened, and Parsons studied mechanics and mathematics.
    In 1877 he was apprenticed to W.G.Armstrong \& Co. of Elswick, where he stayed for four years, developing an epicycloidal engine that he had designed while at Cambridge. He then moved to Kitson \& Co. of Leeds, where he went half shares in a small experimental shop working on rocket propulsion for torpedoes.
    In 1887 he married Katherine Bethell, who contracted rheumatic fever from early-morning outdoor vigils with her husband to watch his torpedo experiments while on their honeymoon! He then moved to a partnership in Clarke, Chapman \& Co. at Gateshead. There he joined the electrical department, initially working on the development of a small, steam-driven marine lighting set. This involved the development of either a low-speed dynamo, for direct coupling to a reciprocating engine, or a high-speed engine, and it was this requirement that started Parsons on the track of the steam turbine. This entailed many problems such as the running of shafts at speeds of up to 40,000 rpm and the design of a DC generator for 18,000 rpm. He took out patents for both the turbine and the generator on 23 April 1884. In 1888 he dissolved his partnership with Clarke, Chapman \& Co. to set up his own firm in Newcastle, leaving his patents with the company's owners. This denied him the use of the axial-flow turbine, so Parsons then designed a radial-flow layout; he later bought back his patents from Clarke, Chapman \& Co. His original patent had included the use of the steam turbine as a means of marine propulsion, and Parsons now set about realizing this possibility. He experimented with 2 ft (61 cm) and 6 ft (183 cm) long models, towed with a fishing line or, later, driven by a twisted rubber cord, through a single-reduction set of spiral gearing.
    The first trials of the Turbinia took place in 1894 but were disappointing due to cavitation, a little-understood phenomenon at the time. He used an axial-flow turbine of 2,000 shp running at 2,000 rpm. His work resulted in a far greater understanding of the phenomenon of cavitation than had hitherto existed. Land turbines of up to 350 kW (470 hp) had meanwhile been built. Experiments with the Turbinia culminated in a demonstration which took place at the great Naval Review of 1897 at Spithead, held to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. Here, the little Turbinia darted in and out of the lines of heavy warships and destroyers, attaining the unheard of speed of 34.5 knots. The following year the Admiralty placed their first order for a turbine-driven ship, and passenger vessels started operation soon after, the first in 1901. By 1906 the Admiralty had moved over to use turbines exclusively. These early turbines had almost all been direct-coupled to the ship's propeller shaft. For optimum performance of both turbine and propeller, Parsons realized that some form of reduction gearing was necessary, which would have to be extremely accurate because of the speeds involved. Parsons's Creep Mechanism of 1912 ensured that any errors in the master wheel would be distributed evenly around the wheel being cut.
    Parsons was also involved in optical work and had a controlling interest in the firm of Ross Ltd of London and, later, in Sir Howard Grubb \& Sons. He he was an enlightened employer, originating share schemes and other benefits for his employees.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted. Order of Merit 1927.
    Further Reading
    A.T.Bowden, 1966, "Charles Parsons: Purveyor of power", in E.G.Semler (ed.), The Great Masters. Engineering Heritage, Vol. II, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Heinemann.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Parsons, Sir Charles Algernon

  • 19 Yagi, Hidetsugu

    [br]
    b. 28 January 1886 Osaka, Japan
    d. January 1976 Osaka, Japan
    [br]
    Japanese engineer who, with his student Shintaro Uda, developed the directional ultra-high frequency (UHF) aerial array that bears his name.
    [br]
    Yagi studied engineering at Tokyo Imperial University (now Tokyo University), graduating in 1910. For the next four years he taught at Engineering High School in Sendai, Honshu, then in 1914 he was sent to study resonance phenomena under Barkhausen at Dresden University. When the First World War broke out he was touring Europe, so he travelled to London to study under Ambrose Fleming at University College, London. Continuing his travels, he then visited the USA, studying at Harvard under G.W. Pierce, before returning to his teaching post at Sendai Engineering High School, which in 1919 was absorbed into Tohoku University. There, in 1921, he obtained his doctorate, and some years later he was appointed Professor of Electrical Engineering. Having heard of the invention of the magnetron, he worked with a student, Kinjiro Okabe; in 1927 they produced microwave energy at a wavelength of a few tens of centimetres. However, he is best known for his development with another student, Shintaro Uda, of a directional, multi-element ultrahigh frequency aerial, which he demonstrated during a tour of the USA in 1928. During the Second World War Yagi worked on radar systems. After his retirement he became Professor Emeritus at Tohoku and Osaka universities and formed the Yagi Antenna Company.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Yagi received various honours, including the Japanese Cultural Order of Merit 1976, and the Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal.
    Bibliography
    1928, "Beam transmission of ultra-short waves", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 6:715 (describes the Yagi-Uda aerial).
    Further Reading
    F.E.Terman, 1943, Radio Engineers' Handbook, New York: McGraw-Hill (provides a review of aerials, including the Yagi system).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Yagi, Hidetsugu

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